Publicação: Abordagem cirúrgica das recessões gengivais no 5° sextante : evidência científica
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Entre as diferentes regiões da cavidade oral, o setor incisivo-canino mandibular, designado como o 5º sextante, apresenta a maior prevalência de recessões gengivais. Essa alta frequência explica-se tanto pela diversidade de suas etiologias quanto por suas particularidades anatômicas desfavoráveis: profundidade do vestíbulo reduzido, inserções musculares elevadas, um freio labial proeminente, quantidade limitada de gengiva queratinizada, fenótipo gengival fino e uma tábua óssea vestibular delgada.
Essas limitações anatómicas aumentam a dificuldade de se obter um recobrimento radicular total previsível e duradouro, ressaltando a necessidade de uma abordagem terapêutica rigorosa, personalizada e adaptada a cada situação clínica.
As técnicas cirúrgicas para o tratamento das recessões gengivais evoluíram significativamente, especialmente no 5º sextante, a fim de superar suas particularidades anatômicas. Entre as abordagens iniciais, o enxerto gengival livre foi durante muito tempo
o método preferido para aumentar a faixa de gengiva queratinizada e manter os tecidos periodontalmente saudáveis. Posteriormente, o surgimento das técnicas de retalho, como o retalho de avanço coronal ou o retalho rodado lateralmente, permitiu uma melhora significativa dos resultados, especialmente em termos de recobrimento radicular.
Mais recentemente, a técnica de tunelização passou por evoluções: desenvolvimento da técnica do túnel de avanço coronal modificado, a técnica VISTA (Vestibular Incision Subperiosteal Tunnel Access), ou a técnica de túnel fechado lateralmente.
Esta revisão narrativa teve como objetivo ajudar os clínicos na escolha da abordagem terapêutica mais adequada para o tratamento das recessões gengivais no 5º sextante, apresentando as indicações clínicas e comparando a eficácia das diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas. A avaliação foi baseada em parâmetros clínicos como a taxa de recobrimento radicular médio e completo, bem como o aumento da gengiva queratinizada, com base na evidência científica disponível na literatura.
Among the different regions of the oral cavity, the mandibular incisor-canine sector, designated as the 5th sextant, presents the highest prevalence of gingival recessions. This high frequency can be explained both by the diversity of its etiologies and by its unfavorable anatomical characteristics: reduced vestibular depth, high muscular insertions, frequent presence of a prominent labial frenum, limited amount of keratinized gingiva, thin gingival phenotype, and a generally very thin vestibular bone plate. These anatomical limitations increase the difficulty of achieving predictable and longlasting total root coverage, highlighting the need for a rigorous, personalized, and clinically adapted therapeutic approach. Surgical techniques for the treatment of gingival recessions have evolved significantly, especially in the 5th sextant, to overcome its anatomical challenges. Among the initial approaches, the free gingival graft was long considered the preferred method to increase the band of keratinized gingiva and maintain periodontally healthy tissues. Later, the emergence of flap techniques, such as the coronally advanced flap or the laterally rotated flap, allowed for significant improvement in outcomes, especially in terms of root coverage. More recently, the tunneling technique has undergone several developments, with the creation of variants such as the modified coronally advanced tunnel technique, the VISTA technique (Vestibular Incision Subperiosteal Tunnel Access), and the laterally closed tunnel technique. This narrative review aimed to assist clinicians in choosing the most appropriate therapeutic approach for the treatment of gingival recessions in the 5th sextant, by presenting clinical indications and comparing the effectiveness of different surgical techniques. The evaluation was based on clinical parameters such as the rate of mean and complete root coverage, as well as the increase in keratinized gingiva, based on the scientific evidence available in the literature.
Among the different regions of the oral cavity, the mandibular incisor-canine sector, designated as the 5th sextant, presents the highest prevalence of gingival recessions. This high frequency can be explained both by the diversity of its etiologies and by its unfavorable anatomical characteristics: reduced vestibular depth, high muscular insertions, frequent presence of a prominent labial frenum, limited amount of keratinized gingiva, thin gingival phenotype, and a generally very thin vestibular bone plate. These anatomical limitations increase the difficulty of achieving predictable and longlasting total root coverage, highlighting the need for a rigorous, personalized, and clinically adapted therapeutic approach. Surgical techniques for the treatment of gingival recessions have evolved significantly, especially in the 5th sextant, to overcome its anatomical challenges. Among the initial approaches, the free gingival graft was long considered the preferred method to increase the band of keratinized gingiva and maintain periodontally healthy tissues. Later, the emergence of flap techniques, such as the coronally advanced flap or the laterally rotated flap, allowed for significant improvement in outcomes, especially in terms of root coverage. More recently, the tunneling technique has undergone several developments, with the creation of variants such as the modified coronally advanced tunnel technique, the VISTA technique (Vestibular Incision Subperiosteal Tunnel Access), and the laterally closed tunnel technique. This narrative review aimed to assist clinicians in choosing the most appropriate therapeutic approach for the treatment of gingival recessions in the 5th sextant, by presenting clinical indications and comparing the effectiveness of different surgical techniques. The evaluation was based on clinical parameters such as the rate of mean and complete root coverage, as well as the increase in keratinized gingiva, based on the scientific evidence available in the literature.
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
